景觀設計文獻
⑴ 英譯漢~~景觀設計文獻資料 拒絕機器翻譯~~~
What then is sustainability? As is often the case when a concept is widely embraced, there seem to be a great number of definitions.
什麼東西在那時候是永續性的？情況常常如此，當一個概念被廣泛包含的時候，他便有多種定義。
Robert Thayer, for example, defines it as 「a characteristic of a process or state that can be maintained indefinitely」.
舉例來說，羅伯特塞耶是如此定義的：一個程序或狀態的特性是可以被無限期的保持的。
A group of student visitors to Habitat II in Istanbul link sustainability to a site and indicate that it occurs 「where a designed area is wholly suitable to its location, cultural background, inhabitants, and users」.
一群前往伊斯坦布爾（土耳其城市）第二生態棲息地的學生遊客長期對一個地點保持持續性的聯系，他們表明這種現象出現了：一個被專門設計的區域完全符合他的位置，文化背景，居民及其利用者。
Pressing onward, Lyndon declares that a sustainable design is not only appropriate today but one that 「can support continued use and evolution」.
向前追溯，倫敦曾宣布說：一個可持續的區域不僅實用於現在，而且支持持續使用和改革發展。
The most widely accepted definition seems to be the one coined in1987 by the World Commission on Environment and Development.
最被廣泛接受認同的定義好像是1987年「世界環境與發展委員會」所杜撰的。
Drawing on the adage that we don』t inherit land from our ancestors but borrow it from our children, the commission declared that sustainable development 「meets the needs of the present without compromising the needs of future generations to meet their own needs」.
引用一句諺語：我們不是從祖先那裡繼承土地，而是向我們的子孫後代借用土地。這個委員會宣布說可持續發展就是滿足當前人類的需求卻不損害未來子孫們生活所需的。
John Tillman Lyle declares this perspective a 「revolutionary notion見解」 because it means 「living on the interest yielded by our natural systems rather than the capital」 Revolutionary or not, the definition depicts描述 sustainability as egalitarian平等主義 because it states an allegiance忠誠 to the future and implies a parity平等 among the world』s peoples.
約翰迪爾曼萊爾宣布說這個觀點是一個「大變革的觀點」。因為這意味著，我們為了利益生存，我們屈服於自然而不是資本家。變革還是不變革，這個定義描述可持續就是平等主義。因為這個觀點表明人類對未來的忠誠，表明全世界人民的平等。
Why should we or anyone else care? Because, announce the advocates of sustainability, we have responsibilities to others and we are living at the end of an age. These are the 「declining衰退 and decadent頹廢的 years of the instrial era」.
為什麼我們都會關心在意？因為，可持續的提倡者宣布，我們對他人負有責任，我們生活在一個時代的末尾。這是工業化時代的衰退與頹廢的年代。
The world』s populations are growing, resources are depleting, and both natural and vernacular environments are degrading.
世界人口總數在不斷增長，資源在不斷耗竭，生態環境在不斷退化。
Affluence, warns Peter Calthorpe, creates 「a sense of entitlement」 and security where none is warranted.
彼得卡爾索爾普警告說，富裕使我們形成「一種權利觀念」，但是安全是無論哪裡都無法保證的。
Sustainability is a 「profound necessity」 for most people, he cautions, and it will soon be come one for the middle classes as they experience a decline in wealth.
可持續對大多數人來說是一個具有「深遠意義的必需品」。他告誡，中層階級馬上就會需要這個否則他們將經歷財富的減少。
Sustainability is not, however, merely an abstract virtue nor simply a brake on decline. It will deliver important benefits.
然而可持續不僅僅是一個抽象的美德或是簡單的一個衰退的停止。他們能帶來重大的好處。
The frugality of a sustainable future, promises Calthorpe, will bring 「a more profound sense of community and potentially a finer life」. In refutation of these claims, critics ask how, by definition and in practice, does one attend to the continual redefinition and revaluation of resources.
卡爾索爾普承諾，為了未來的可持續，我們提倡儉，這將帶來「一個更具深遠意義的群體和一個更具有潛力的美好生活」。有人對這一觀點提出反駁，批評家們問一個人如何通過定義和實際行動，參與到對資源的持續性重新定義和改革中。
Today』s resource can become tomorrow』s liability even as yesterday』s waste becomes today』s valued commodity.
今天的資源可以變成明天的負擔，昨天的廢物在今天可能就是寶貴的物品。
This criticism recalls a similar problem encountered ring the Progressive
那些批評家讓我們想起了一個相似的問題，一個曾經在改革中遇到過的問題。
Era』s pursuit追求 of sustained yields and hints暗示 at the difficulty of finding a demonstrable顯而易見的 solution.
時代對持續性獲得的追求暗示著難點在於找到一個顯而易見的解決方法。
Other critics argue that the use and full replenishment of resources without polluting the environment is 「an impossible goal」 in a developing, urbanising, consumer-driven, capitalist world.
另外一些批評家爭論說：在這個正在發展，正在都市化，消費劇增的，資本主義化的世界中，我們使用和補充資源卻不污染環境是「一個不切實際的目標」
我翻譯的不是很好，但大致就是這個意思了吧，請見諒。希望這對您會有些用處。謝謝了。
⑵ 求居住區景觀設計文獻綜述 高分懸賞
文獻綜述是對某一方面的專題搜集大量情報資料後經綜合分析而寫成的一種學術論文， 它是科學文獻的一種。
格式與寫法
文獻綜述的格式與一般研究性論文的格式有所不同。這是因為研究性的論文注重研究的方法和結果，特別是陽性結果，而文獻綜述要求向讀者介紹與主題有關的詳細資料、動態、進展、展望以及對以上方面的評述。因此文獻綜述的格式相對多樣，但總的來說，一般都包含以下四部分：即前言、主題、總結和參考文獻。撰寫文獻綜述時可按這四部分擬寫提綱，在根據提綱進行撰寫工。
前言部分，主要是說明寫作的目的，介紹有關的概念及定義以及綜述的范圍，扼要說明有關主題的現狀或爭論焦點，使讀者對全文要敘述的問題有一個初步的輪廓。
主題部分，是綜述的主體，其寫法多樣，沒有固定的格式。可按年代順序綜述，也可按不同的問題進行綜述，還可按不同的觀點進行比較綜述，不管用那一種格式綜述，都要將所搜集到的文獻資料歸納、整理及分析比較，闡明有關主題的歷史背景、現狀和發展方向，以及對這些問題的評述，主題部分應特別注意代表性強、具有科學性和創造性的文獻引用和評述。
總結部分，與研究性論文的小結有些類似，將全文主題進行扼要總結，對所綜述的主題有研究的作者，最好能提出自己的見解。 參考文獻雖然放在文末，但卻是文獻綜述的重要組成部分。因為它不僅表示對被引用文獻作者的尊重及引用文獻的依據，而且為讀者深入探討有關問題提供了文獻查找線索。因此，應認真對待。參考文獻的編排應條目清楚，查找方便，內容准確無誤。關於參考文獻的使用方法，錄著項目及格式與研究論文相同，不再重復。
⑶ 急求！！急求！！！景觀設計方面的英文文獻。
請下載，望採納，引文參考格式
Southern A, Lovett A, O』Riordan T, et al. Sustainable landscape governance: lessons from a catchment based study in whole landscape design[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2011, 101(2): 179-189.
⑷ 急求居住區景觀設計外文文獻啊!!!!!
外文文獻有，翻譯來沒自有，翻譯得靠你自己了，如果需要直接網路Hi中留言同時貼出問題的鏈接地址和郵箱地址即可，希望能滿足你的需要，能幫到你，並請及時知道評價，多多給點懸賞分吧，急用的話請多選賞點分吧，這樣更多的知友才會及時幫到你，我找到也是很花時間的，並請及時採納
⑸ 急求一篇 建築或景觀設計類外文文獻及中文翻譯
1. Preface
Landscape design is an integral part of urban design, but also the face of a city, one of the decisive factors. Landscape design is quite extensive, including a deal with the city space, the use of the characteristics of the original site, and contact between the surrounding environment, plaza, pedestrian street layout, street short as well as settings such as municipal facilities, both with regard to function, it also involves the visual and psychological problems. The concept of traditional landscape design to green-oriented, with the city's modernization and the urban population of the substantial increase in the functional requirements of the landscape is becoming more prominent, at the same time also called for a more aesthetic enrichment and diversification of town so large-scale use of hard landscape, in order to effectively solve the problem.
Article in the city constitute a hard on the basic elements of landscape, such as paving, steps, sculpture pieces and so on, through a detailed theoretical introction, description of specific characteristics of these elements, the use of, and constitute the role of the urban landscape, image, vivid rich and instructive reference for now to carry out large-scale construction of the city has a positive meaning.
2. The constituent elements of the urban landscape
2.1 SURFACES
Natural environment from the ground, in the city the ground is always the need to do deal with rigid pavement. In addition to meet the required high-frequency, high-intensity use of functions, but also because the pavement is the creation of a city, one of the basic elements of landscape. Through the use of different pavement materials, can be divided into different uses of the ground to define the different characteristics of the space, you can identify the way forward, suggesting that the speed and rhythm of tour, at the same time through the pavement design changes, but also to create visual interest, constitute a space personality.
Designed to do the ground pavement at the time, need to consider the following factors: First of all, should be guided by the principle of a unified whole. Whether it is the choice of pavement materials, pavement design, or design, and other landscape elements should be considered simultaneously in order to ensure that the pavement on the ground in terms of vision or function have been unified into a whole. Change random pavement materials and designs, will only add to the chaotic sense of space, so a specific purpose in the absence of circumstances, can not transform the pavement adjacent to the form of materials and color. The second is security. Function should ensure that pavement strength requirements necessary to ensure surfacing both in dry or wet conditions are the same anti-skid and avoid the risk of pedestrian happen. The third is the appearance, including color, scale and texture. Colors do not want to do is bore neither bleak nor clear to the tacky. Change the color or texture, as long as the function to reflect the difference can be used at. Scale considerations will affect the choice of color and texture, as well as the design of拼縫. Road block size, color and texture and so on, and the venue should have the right relationship between scale, which is an important point.
A lot of ground surfacing materials, primarily asphalt, concrete, tile, natural stone, gravel, etc., can be made in accordance with the requirements of the different selection. Asphalt surface and low cost, easy construction, commonly used in the driveway, sidewalks, road pavement parking. Color of the use of asphalt pavement can also change the monotony of the landscape. Concrete pavement e to its low cost and applicability of a strong and widely used. Cast-in-place concrete paving settings attention should be paid to expansion joints, and concrete block pavement is more flexible. The colorful tile surface, pattern and shape of the degree of freedom, and easy to create a cheerful, gorgeous atmosphere. Commonly used in public facilities in the entrance plaza, walkways, shopping malls and other places of the road pavement. Natural stone materials, especially granite paving, can often create a solemn, calm atmosphere, most important for the city lots. In order to avoid large-scale rigid pavement caused by environmental problems, at the possible conditions, can also be combined with green, forming grass pavement inlay.
2.2 level, and curb ramp
Space in urban environment, natural causes or because of the various functions required, usually to change the floor height changes, and changes in floor height also tend to proce a rich and beautiful landscape of the city. One of changing the floor there is a high level of landscape design, and geo-stone ramp.
Steps and the main function of the ramp is to make pedestrians from a high floor to another floor height, but at the same time the site has highlighted the great potential of environmental characteristics. When the level is designed to narrow and touches the heart, sometimes there is a wide sense of grandeur can be closed and mysterious, you can open and continuous. They will graally spectacular, dramatic way to ince perception of pedestrian arrival means an excellent climax.
Stone is a kind of geopolitical ensure the safety of pedestrians, traffic guidance, soil and water, the protection of plant, as well as the distinction between road pavement and set boundaries in the driveway and sidewalk, the road and the green boundaries, the different pavement surface, such as the location of the boundary structures. Stone road, many different types of fate, there is pre-cast concrete, brick, natural stone and so on, modeling is also very rich.
2.3 Sculpture Pieces
Sculpture is an important element of the urban landscape, which with its rich modeling language, to convey thoughts and feelings are unique. Sculpture and the urban environment of the geographic landscape, garden landscape and the landscape architecture of mutual infiltration and often constitute the characteristics of the city or community signs. The type of town a lot of sculpture, which belong to a class of short-type sculptures, most of its subject matter to people's lifestyles and animal and plant-based, pay attention to reflect the characteristics of folk customs and places. Sculpture in order to achieve harmony with the environment should be in the planning, design, proction and other aspects of serious consideration. The first is the layout: the location of sculpture and architecture with the surrounding natural environment is in harmony, composition at the landscape in which the status of the location of sculpture and the relationship between road traffic. The second is modeling: modeling how sculpture occupies space appropriate and what form "language" to attract passers-visual and psychological impact of their viewing. Third, body mass scale: in particular types of small-scale sculpture, with the view to maintain cordial relations.
The form of sculpture is usually divided into two categories, as with the abstract. Because of the sculpture as a direct acceptance for people, they are often more than an abstract sculpture, but many excellent image of an abstract sculpture sculpture as more than an image, more generally, a more concise, more typical, and, therefore, more interesting, people lost in hair. Traditional sculpture in stone, copper-based materials, but the development of modern science and technology for the sculpture provides a means to enrich the model with a dynamic arts, as the magic arts, electronic art, art lighting and sound performance of the novel art sculpture better meet the needs of people at different levels to enjoy the arts.
3. Conclusion
Designed in a modern urban landscape of the course, it is necessary to fully from a scientific point of view of the status of the urban environment. Want a comprehensive understanding of the scientific landscape design elements of city property and other characteristics of natural and urban ecological balance mechanism, the use of modern art theory and creative way to create a higher than that derived from the natural landscape of the city to meet the aesthetic needs of people.
However, a lot of cities in the modern landscape design similar to a very serious situation, and there is also a city is not in accordance with the natural conditions of the original city, other cities can emulate the style of the building. This is a very serious question, on the one hand it reflects the weak sense of innovation throughout society, will create a lot of rubbish building.
One of the reasons, first, the urban landscape was designed by the government officials decided that the pursuit of its political achievements, it is rarely considered the reasonableness of the landscape design; On the other hand, because a lot of landscape designers is not happy under the site, at least lack of initiative, and a lack of communication with construction personnel, and ultimately the design of the outcome of a lot of regret on the left. Thus, the city from the basic elements of landscape design to start, government officials, designers and construction personnel to fully communicate, to create a character and reflect the city has the characteristics of the urban landscape.
⑹ 急需一篇園林景觀設計類的外文文獻，可以不要中文翻譯
已發送，請及時採納哦~
《Application of residential landscape design scheme evaluation based on fuzzy comprehensive and grey system methods》
Xiaohong Wang - 2009
To rece blindness and subjectivity in residential landscape design scheme evaluation at present, we attempted to use fuzzy ...