景观设计文献
⑴ 英译汉~~景观设计文献资料 拒绝机器翻译~~~
What then is sustainability? As is often the case when a concept is widely embraced, there seem to be a great number of definitions.
什么东西在那时候是永续性的？情况常常如此，当一个概念被广泛包含的时候，他便有多种定义。
Robert Thayer, for example, defines it as “a characteristic of a process or state that can be maintained indefinitely”.
举例来说，罗伯特塞耶是如此定义的：一个程序或状态的特性是可以被无限期的保持的。
A group of student visitors to Habitat II in Istanbul link sustainability to a site and indicate that it occurs “where a designed area is wholly suitable to its location, cultural background, inhabitants, and users”.
一群前往伊斯坦布尔（土耳其城市）第二生态栖息地的学生游客长期对一个地点保持持续性的联系，他们表明这种现象出现了：一个被专门设计的区域完全符合他的位置，文化背景，居民及其利用者。
Pressing onward, Lyndon declares that a sustainable design is not only appropriate today but one that “can support continued use and evolution”.
向前追溯，伦敦曾宣布说：一个可持续的区域不仅实用于现在，而且支持持续使用和改革发展。
The most widely accepted definition seems to be the one coined in1987 by the World Commission on Environment and Development.
最被广泛接受认同的定义好像是1987年“世界环境与发展委员会”所杜撰的。
Drawing on the adage that we don’t inherit land from our ancestors but borrow it from our children, the commission declared that sustainable development “meets the needs of the present without compromising the needs of future generations to meet their own needs”.
引用一句谚语：我们不是从祖先那里继承土地，而是向我们的子孙后代借用土地。这个委员会宣布说可持续发展就是满足当前人类的需求却不损害未来子孙们生活所需的。
John Tillman Lyle declares this perspective a “revolutionary notion见解” because it means “living on the interest yielded by our natural systems rather than the capital” Revolutionary or not, the definition depicts描述 sustainability as egalitarian平等主义 because it states an allegiance忠诚 to the future and implies a parity平等 among the world’s peoples.
约翰迪尔曼莱尔宣布说这个观点是一个“大变革的观点”。因为这意味着，我们为了利益生存，我们屈服于自然而不是资本家。变革还是不变革，这个定义描述可持续就是平等主义。因为这个观点表明人类对未来的忠诚，表明全世界人民的平等。
Why should we or anyone else care? Because, announce the advocates of sustainability, we have responsibilities to others and we are living at the end of an age. These are the “declining衰退 and decadent颓废的 years of the instrial era”.
为什么我们都会关心在意？因为，可持续的提倡者宣布，我们对他人负有责任，我们生活在一个时代的末尾。这是工业化时代的衰退与颓废的年代。
The world’s populations are growing, resources are depleting, and both natural and vernacular environments are degrading.
世界人口总数在不断增长，资源在不断耗竭，生态环境在不断退化。
Affluence, warns Peter Calthorpe, creates “a sense of entitlement” and security where none is warranted.
彼得卡尔索尔普警告说，富裕使我们形成“一种权利观念”，但是安全是无论哪里都无法保证的。
Sustainability is a “profound necessity” for most people, he cautions, and it will soon be come one for the middle classes as they experience a decline in wealth.
可持续对大多数人来说是一个具有“深远意义的必需品”。他告诫，中层阶级马上就会需要这个否则他们将经历财富的减少。
Sustainability is not, however, merely an abstract virtue nor simply a brake on decline. It will deliver important benefits.
然而可持续不仅仅是一个抽象的美德或是简单的一个衰退的停止。他们能带来重大的好处。
The frugality of a sustainable future, promises Calthorpe, will bring “a more profound sense of community and potentially a finer life”. In refutation of these claims, critics ask how, by definition and in practice, does one attend to the continual redefinition and revaluation of resources.
卡尔索尔普承诺，为了未来的可持续，我们提倡俭，这将带来“一个更具深远意义的群体和一个更具有潜力的美好生活”。有人对这一观点提出反驳，批评家们问一个人如何通过定义和实际行动，参与到对资源的持续性重新定义和改革中。
Today’s resource can become tomorrow’s liability even as yesterday’s waste becomes today’s valued commodity.
今天的资源可以变成明天的负担，昨天的废物在今天可能就是宝贵的物品。
This criticism recalls a similar problem encountered ring the Progressive
那些批评家让我们想起了一个相似的问题，一个曾经在改革中遇到过的问题。
Era’s pursuit追求 of sustained yields and hints暗示 at the difficulty of finding a demonstrable显而易见的 solution.
时代对持续性获得的追求暗示着难点在于找到一个显而易见的解决方法。
Other critics argue that the use and full replenishment of resources without polluting the environment is “an impossible goal” in a developing, urbanising, consumer-driven, capitalist world.
另外一些批评家争论说：在这个正在发展，正在都市化，消费剧增的，资本主义化的世界中，我们使用和补充资源却不污染环境是“一个不切实际的目标”
我翻译的不是很好，但大致就是这个意思了吧，请见谅。希望这对您会有些用处。谢谢了。
⑵ 求居住区景观设计文献综述 高分悬赏
文献综述是对某一方面的专题搜集大量情报资料后经综合分析而写成的一种学术论文， 它是科学文献的一种。
格式与写法
文献综述的格式与一般研究性论文的格式有所不同。这是因为研究性的论文注重研究的方法和结果，特别是阳性结果，而文献综述要求向读者介绍与主题有关的详细资料、动态、进展、展望以及对以上方面的评述。因此文献综述的格式相对多样，但总的来说，一般都包含以下四部分：即前言、主题、总结和参考文献。撰写文献综述时可按这四部分拟写提纲，在根据提纲进行撰写工。
前言部分，主要是说明写作的目的，介绍有关的概念及定义以及综述的范围，扼要说明有关主题的现状或争论焦点，使读者对全文要叙述的问题有一个初步的轮廓。
主题部分，是综述的主体，其写法多样，没有固定的格式。可按年代顺序综述，也可按不同的问题进行综述，还可按不同的观点进行比较综述，不管用那一种格式综述，都要将所搜集到的文献资料归纳、整理及分析比较，阐明有关主题的历史背景、现状和发展方向，以及对这些问题的评述，主题部分应特别注意代表性强、具有科学性和创造性的文献引用和评述。
总结部分，与研究性论文的小结有些类似，将全文主题进行扼要总结，对所综述的主题有研究的作者，最好能提出自己的见解。 参考文献虽然放在文末，但却是文献综述的重要组成部分。因为它不仅表示对被引用文献作者的尊重及引用文献的依据，而且为读者深入探讨有关问题提供了文献查找线索。因此，应认真对待。参考文献的编排应条目清楚，查找方便，内容准确无误。关于参考文献的使用方法，录著项目及格式与研究论文相同，不再重复。
⑶ 急求！！急求！！！景观设计方面的英文文献。
请下载，望采纳，引文参考格式
Southern A, Lovett A, O’Riordan T, et al. Sustainable landscape governance: lessons from a catchment based study in whole landscape design[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2011, 101(2): 179-189.
⑷ 急求居住区景观设计外文文献啊!!!!!
外文文献有，翻译来没自有，翻译得靠你自己了，如果需要直接网络Hi中留言同时贴出问题的链接地址和邮箱地址即可，希望能满足你的需要，能帮到你，并请及时知道评价，多多给点悬赏分吧，急用的话请多选赏点分吧，这样更多的知友才会及时帮到你，我找到也是很花时间的，并请及时采纳
⑸ 急求一篇 建筑或景观设计类外文文献及中文翻译
1. Preface
Landscape design is an integral part of urban design, but also the face of a city, one of the decisive factors. Landscape design is quite extensive, including a deal with the city space, the use of the characteristics of the original site, and contact between the surrounding environment, plaza, pedestrian street layout, street short as well as settings such as municipal facilities, both with regard to function, it also involves the visual and psychological problems. The concept of traditional landscape design to green-oriented, with the city's modernization and the urban population of the substantial increase in the functional requirements of the landscape is becoming more prominent, at the same time also called for a more aesthetic enrichment and diversification of town so large-scale use of hard landscape, in order to effectively solve the problem.
Article in the city constitute a hard on the basic elements of landscape, such as paving, steps, sculpture pieces and so on, through a detailed theoretical introction, description of specific characteristics of these elements, the use of, and constitute the role of the urban landscape, image, vivid rich and instructive reference for now to carry out large-scale construction of the city has a positive meaning.
2. The constituent elements of the urban landscape
2.1 SURFACES
Natural environment from the ground, in the city the ground is always the need to do deal with rigid pavement. In addition to meet the required high-frequency, high-intensity use of functions, but also because the pavement is the creation of a city, one of the basic elements of landscape. Through the use of different pavement materials, can be divided into different uses of the ground to define the different characteristics of the space, you can identify the way forward, suggesting that the speed and rhythm of tour, at the same time through the pavement design changes, but also to create visual interest, constitute a space personality.
Designed to do the ground pavement at the time, need to consider the following factors: First of all, should be guided by the principle of a unified whole. Whether it is the choice of pavement materials, pavement design, or design, and other landscape elements should be considered simultaneously in order to ensure that the pavement on the ground in terms of vision or function have been unified into a whole. Change random pavement materials and designs, will only add to the chaotic sense of space, so a specific purpose in the absence of circumstances, can not transform the pavement adjacent to the form of materials and color. The second is security. Function should ensure that pavement strength requirements necessary to ensure surfacing both in dry or wet conditions are the same anti-skid and avoid the risk of pedestrian happen. The third is the appearance, including color, scale and texture. Colors do not want to do is bore neither bleak nor clear to the tacky. Change the color or texture, as long as the function to reflect the difference can be used at. Scale considerations will affect the choice of color and texture, as well as the design of拼缝. Road block size, color and texture and so on, and the venue should have the right relationship between scale, which is an important point.
A lot of ground surfacing materials, primarily asphalt, concrete, tile, natural stone, gravel, etc., can be made in accordance with the requirements of the different selection. Asphalt surface and low cost, easy construction, commonly used in the driveway, sidewalks, road pavement parking. Color of the use of asphalt pavement can also change the monotony of the landscape. Concrete pavement e to its low cost and applicability of a strong and widely used. Cast-in-place concrete paving settings attention should be paid to expansion joints, and concrete block pavement is more flexible. The colorful tile surface, pattern and shape of the degree of freedom, and easy to create a cheerful, gorgeous atmosphere. Commonly used in public facilities in the entrance plaza, walkways, shopping malls and other places of the road pavement. Natural stone materials, especially granite paving, can often create a solemn, calm atmosphere, most important for the city lots. In order to avoid large-scale rigid pavement caused by environmental problems, at the possible conditions, can also be combined with green, forming grass pavement inlay.
2.2 level, and curb ramp
Space in urban environment, natural causes or because of the various functions required, usually to change the floor height changes, and changes in floor height also tend to proce a rich and beautiful landscape of the city. One of changing the floor there is a high level of landscape design, and geo-stone ramp.
Steps and the main function of the ramp is to make pedestrians from a high floor to another floor height, but at the same time the site has highlighted the great potential of environmental characteristics. When the level is designed to narrow and touches the heart, sometimes there is a wide sense of grandeur can be closed and mysterious, you can open and continuous. They will graally spectacular, dramatic way to ince perception of pedestrian arrival means an excellent climax.
Stone is a kind of geopolitical ensure the safety of pedestrians, traffic guidance, soil and water, the protection of plant, as well as the distinction between road pavement and set boundaries in the driveway and sidewalk, the road and the green boundaries, the different pavement surface, such as the location of the boundary structures. Stone road, many different types of fate, there is pre-cast concrete, brick, natural stone and so on, modeling is also very rich.
2.3 Sculpture Pieces
Sculpture is an important element of the urban landscape, which with its rich modeling language, to convey thoughts and feelings are unique. Sculpture and the urban environment of the geographic landscape, garden landscape and the landscape architecture of mutual infiltration and often constitute the characteristics of the city or community signs. The type of town a lot of sculpture, which belong to a class of short-type sculptures, most of its subject matter to people's lifestyles and animal and plant-based, pay attention to reflect the characteristics of folk customs and places. Sculpture in order to achieve harmony with the environment should be in the planning, design, proction and other aspects of serious consideration. The first is the layout: the location of sculpture and architecture with the surrounding natural environment is in harmony, composition at the landscape in which the status of the location of sculpture and the relationship between road traffic. The second is modeling: modeling how sculpture occupies space appropriate and what form "language" to attract passers-visual and psychological impact of their viewing. Third, body mass scale: in particular types of small-scale sculpture, with the view to maintain cordial relations.
The form of sculpture is usually divided into two categories, as with the abstract. Because of the sculpture as a direct acceptance for people, they are often more than an abstract sculpture, but many excellent image of an abstract sculpture sculpture as more than an image, more generally, a more concise, more typical, and, therefore, more interesting, people lost in hair. Traditional sculpture in stone, copper-based materials, but the development of modern science and technology for the sculpture provides a means to enrich the model with a dynamic arts, as the magic arts, electronic art, art lighting and sound performance of the novel art sculpture better meet the needs of people at different levels to enjoy the arts.
3. Conclusion
Designed in a modern urban landscape of the course, it is necessary to fully from a scientific point of view of the status of the urban environment. Want a comprehensive understanding of the scientific landscape design elements of city property and other characteristics of natural and urban ecological balance mechanism, the use of modern art theory and creative way to create a higher than that derived from the natural landscape of the city to meet the aesthetic needs of people.
However, a lot of cities in the modern landscape design similar to a very serious situation, and there is also a city is not in accordance with the natural conditions of the original city, other cities can emulate the style of the building. This is a very serious question, on the one hand it reflects the weak sense of innovation throughout society, will create a lot of rubbish building.
One of the reasons, first, the urban landscape was designed by the government officials decided that the pursuit of its political achievements, it is rarely considered the reasonableness of the landscape design; On the other hand, because a lot of landscape designers is not happy under the site, at least lack of initiative, and a lack of communication with construction personnel, and ultimately the design of the outcome of a lot of regret on the left. Thus, the city from the basic elements of landscape design to start, government officials, designers and construction personnel to fully communicate, to create a character and reflect the city has the characteristics of the urban landscape.
⑹ 急需一篇园林景观设计类的外文文献，可以不要中文翻译
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《Application of residential landscape design scheme evaluation based on fuzzy comprehensive and grey system methods》
Xiaohong Wang - 2009
To rece blindness and subjectivity in residential landscape design scheme evaluation at present, we attempted to use fuzzy ...